PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN RESIKO KESEHATAN GIGI KELUARGA SEBAGAI DASAR PELAYANAN DOKTER GIGI KELUARGA
Abstract
Pelayanan dokter gigi keluarga membutuhkan penilaian risiko yang tidak hanya berfokus pada satu penyakit dan satu individu, tetapi juga menangkap paparan, perilaku, sumber daya, serta hambatan yang dibagi dalam rumah tangga. Kajian ini bertujuan menyintesis jurnal open access tahun 2014–2024 dan merumuskan rancangan awal Instrumen Penilaian Risiko Kesehatan Gigi Keluarga (IPR-KGK) sebagai dasar perencanaan pelayanan dokter gigi keluarga. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka sistematis terarah dan pengembangan konseptual. Literatur ditelusuri melalui PubMed/PubMed Central dan portal penerbit open access dengan kata kunci yang berkaitan dengan family oral health, caries risk assessment, oral health literacy, family functioning, dental attendance, instrument development, validity, dan reliability. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa instrumen risiko yang tersedia umumnya bersifat individual dan berorientasi pada karies, sedangkan faktor keluarga seperti literasi kesehatan gigi, pola konsumsi bersama, kecemasan orang tua, kapasitas pengasuhan, kunjungan yang terlewat, akses pelayanan, serta riwayat penyakit antaranggota keluarga sering dinilai secara terpisah. IPR-KGK dirancang dalam dua tingkat, yaitu bagian inti rumah tangga dan modul per anggota keluarga, dengan delapan domain: kerentanan keluarga, akses dan pemanfaatan pelayanan, literasi dan keyakinan, perilaku serta diet bersama, faktor protektif, riwayat penyakit dan gejala, kapasitas pengasuhan, dan kebutuhan anggota rentan. Setiap indikator diberi skor sementara 0–2 dan dilengkapi tanda bahaya yang dapat langsung menetapkan prioritas tinggi. Kategori rendah, sedang, dan tinggi digunakan untuk mengarahkan interval pemantauan, intensitas pencegahan, pemeriksaan klinis, manajemen kasus, dan rujukan. Instrumen ini merupakan prototipe konseptual dan belum dapat digunakan sebagai alat diagnosis sebelum melalui validitas isi, wawancara kognitif, uji lapangan, reliabilitas, validitas konstruk, validitas prediktif, kalibrasi titik potong, dan evaluasi keadilan pengukuran. Pengembangan IPR-KGK berpotensi membantu dokter gigi keluarga menyusun pelayanan yang preventif, berkesinambungan, terkoordinasi, dan berpusat pada keluarga.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33085/hmj.v1i1.6623
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